{"id":182,"date":"2020-02-19T19:30:10","date_gmt":"2020-02-19T19:30:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/healthissues24.co.za\/?p=182"},"modified":"2020-02-19T19:30:10","modified_gmt":"2020-02-19T19:30:10","slug":"cause-of-kidney-stones","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/cause-of-kidney-stones\/","title":{"rendered":"Cause of kidney stones"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3>What causes kidney stones?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume and\/or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. The most common type of kidney stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. A majority of kidney stones are calcium stones. Other chemical compounds that can form stones in the urinary tract include uric acid, magnesium ammonium phosphate (which forms struvite stones; see below), and the amino acid cysteine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dehydration from reduced fluid intake or strenuous\u00a0exercise\u00a0without adequate fluid replacement increases the risk of kidney stones. Obstruction to the flow of urine can also lead to stone formation. In this regard, climate may be a risk factor for kidney stone development, since residents of hot and dry areas are more likely to become dehydrated and susceptible to stone formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kidney stones can also result from infection in the urinary tract. These are known as struvite or infection stones. Metabolic abnormalities, including\u00a0inherited\u00a0disorders of metabolism, can alter the composition of the urine and increase an individual&#8217;s risk of stone formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Other medical conditions which cause kidney stones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A number of different medical conditions can lead to an increased risk for developing kidney stones:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Gout\u00a0<\/strong>results in chronically increased amount of uric acid in the blood and urine and can lead to the formation of uric acid kidney stones.<\/li><li><strong>Hypercalciuria\u00a0<\/strong>(high calcium in the urine), another inherited condition, causes stones in more than half of cases. In this condition, too much calcium is absorbed from food and excreted into the urine, where it may form calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate kidney stones.<\/li><li><strong>Other conditions<\/strong>\u00a0associated with an increased risk of kidney stones include\u00a0hyperparathyroidism, kidney diseases such as renal tubular acidosis, and other inherited metabolic conditions, including\u00a0cystinuria\u00a0and hyperoxaluria.<\/li><li><strong>Chronic diseases<\/strong>\u00a0such as\u00a0diabetes\u00a0and\u00a0high blood pressure\u00a0(hypertension) are also associated with an increased risk of developing kidney stones.<\/li><li><strong>People with\u00a0inflammatory bowel disease<\/strong>\u00a0are also more likely to develop kidney stones.<\/li><li>Those who have undergone\u00a0<strong>intestinal bypass or ostomy surgery<\/strong>\u00a0are also at increased risk for kidney stones.<\/li><li><strong>Some medications<\/strong>\u00a0also raise the risk of kidney stones.  drug used to treat\u00a0HIV\u00a0infection.<\/li><li><strong>Dietary factors<\/strong>\u00a0and practices may increase the risk of stone formation in susceptible individuals. In particular, inadequate fluid intake predisposes to dehydration, which is a major risk factor for stone formation. Other dietary practices that may increase an individual&#8217;s risk of forming kidney stones include a high intake of animal protein, a high-salt\u00a0diet, excessive\u00a0sugar\u00a0consumption, excessive\u00a0vitamin D\u00a0supplementation, and excessive intake of oxalate-containing foods such as spinach. Interestingly, low levels of dietary calcium intake may alter the calcium-oxalate balance and result in the increased excretion of oxalate and a propensity to form oxalate stones.<\/li><li><strong>Hyperoxaluria<\/strong>\u00a0as an inherited condition is uncommon and is known as primary hyperoxaluria. The elevated levels of oxalate in the urine increase the risk of stone formation. Primary hyperoxaluria is much less common than hyperoxaluria due to dietary factors as mentioned above.<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What causes kidney stones? Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume and\/or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. The most common type of kidney stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. A majority of kidney stones are calcium stones. Other chemical compounds that can form stones\u2026 <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/cause-of-kidney-stones\/\">Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/182"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=182"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/182\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/unionline24.co.za\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}